Difference between revisions of "OB intent concepts"

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(Attribution in perception)
(Decision making)
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==Decision making==
 
==Decision making==
*[[File:Decision.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Decision-making approach]]]][[File:Discretion.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Decisional discretion]]]][[Decision]]. A choice made from among two or more alternatives.
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*[[Decision]]. A choice made from among two or more alternatives.
 
*[[Problem]]. A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
 
*[[Problem]]. A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
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<gallery mode="packed-hover" widths="300px">
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File:Decision.png|[[Decision-making approach]]
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File:Solution-project.png|[[Problem]], [[solution]], and [[project]]
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File:Ba-pm-se.png|[[Business analysis]] vs [[project management]] vs [[systems engineering]]
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File:Discretion.png|[[Decisional discretion]]
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File:Requirement.png|[[Solution requirement]]
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File:Requirement-lifecycle.png|[[Requirement lifecycle]]
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</gallery>
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==Rational decision-making==
 
*[[Rationale]]. A reasoning characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
 
*[[Rationale]]. A reasoning characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
*[[File:7-step-rational.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Seven-step decision-making]]]][[Rational decision-making model]]. A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.
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*[[File:7-step-rational.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Seven-step decision-making]]]][[Rational decision-making model]]. A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.
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==Errors in decision-making==
 
*[[Bounded rationality]]. A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
 
*[[Bounded rationality]]. A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
 
*[[Intuitive decision making]]. An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
 
*[[Intuitive decision making]]. An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
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*[[Risk aversion]]. The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
 
*[[Risk aversion]]. The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
 
*[[Hindsight bias]]. The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
 
*[[Hindsight bias]]. The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
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==Ethics in decision-making==
 
*[[Utilitarianism]]. A system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
 
*[[Utilitarianism]]. A system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
 
*[[Whistle-blower]]. An individual who reports unethical practices by their employer to outsiders.
 
*[[Whistle-blower]]. An individual who reports unethical practices by their employer to outsiders.
 
*[[Behavioral ethics]]. Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with [[ethical dilemma]]s.
 
*[[Behavioral ethics]]. Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with [[ethical dilemma]]s.
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==Creative decision-making==
 
*[[Creativity]]. The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
 
*[[Creativity]]. The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
 
*[[Three-stage model of creativity]]. The proposition that [[creativity]] involves three stages: causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behavior, and creative outcomes (innovation).
 
*[[Three-stage model of creativity]]. The proposition that [[creativity]] involves three stages: causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behavior, and creative outcomes (innovation).
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*[[Information gathering]]. The stage of creative behavior when possible solutions to a [[problem]] incubate in an individual's mind.
 
*[[Information gathering]]. The stage of creative behavior when possible solutions to a [[problem]] incubate in an individual's mind.
 
*[[Idea generation]]. The process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a [[problem]] from relevant information and knowledge.
 
*[[Idea generation]]. The process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a [[problem]] from relevant information and knowledge.
*[[Idea evaluation]]. The process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to [[problem]]s to identify the best one.<gallery widths="200px">
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*[[Idea evaluation]]. The process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to [[problem]]s to identify the best one.
File:Solution-project.png|[[Problem]], [[solution]], and [[project]]
 
File:Ba-pm-se.png|[[Business analysis]] vs [[project management]] vs [[systems engineering]]
 
File:Requirement.png|[[Solution requirement]]
 
File:Requirement-lifecycle.png|[[Requirement lifecycle]]
 
</gallery>
 
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==

Revision as of 05:07, 2 December 2018

OB intent concepts are those concepts that are related to perception and decision-making researched in organizational behavior studies. The concepts below are taken from Organizational Behavior by Robbins and Judge (17th edition); Septem Artes Administrativi served as the primary source of illustrations.


Perception

  • Perception. A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Attribution and biases in perception

  • Attribution theory. An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
  • Fundamental attribution error. The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
  • Self-serving bias. The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
  • Selective perception. The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
  • Halo effect. The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
  • Contrast effect. Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
  • Stereotyping. Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which that person belongs.
  • Stereotype threat. The degree to which we internally agree with the generally negative stereotyped perceptions of our groups.
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy. A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.

Decision making

  • Decision. A choice made from among two or more alternatives.
  • Problem. A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.

Rational decision-making

Errors in decision-making

  • Bounded rationality. A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
  • Intuitive decision making. An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
  • Anchoring bias. A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then falls to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
  • Confirmation bias. The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.
  • Availability bias. The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them.
  • Escalation of commitment. An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.
  • Randomness error. The tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcomes of random events.
  • Risk aversion. The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
  • Hindsight bias. The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.

Ethics in decision-making

Creative decision-making

  • Creativity. The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
  • Three-stage model of creativity. The proposition that creativity involves three stages: causes (creative potential and creative environment), creative behavior, and creative outcomes (innovation).
  • Problem formulation. The stage of creative behavior that involves identifying a problem or opportunity requiring a solution that is as yet unknown.
  • Information gathering. The stage of creative behavior when possible solutions to a problem incubate in an individual's mind.
  • Idea generation. The process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge.
  • Idea evaluation. The process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to problems to identify the best one.

See also