Difference between revisions of "Social Rationale Quarter"

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[[Social Rationale Quarter]] (hereinafter, the ''Quarter'') is the first of four lectures of [[Operations Quadrivium]] (hereinafter, the ''Quadrivium''):
+
[[Social Rationale Quarter]] (hereinafter, the ''Quarter'') is a lecture introducing the learners to [[social research]] primarily through key topics related to [[social rationale]]. The ''Quarter'' is the second of four lectures of [[Social Quadrivium]], which is the fifth of seven modules of '''[[Septem Artes Administrativi]]''' (hereinafter, the ''Course''). The ''Course'' is designed to introduce the learners to general concepts in [[business administration]], [[management]], and [[organizational behavior]].
*The ''Quarter'' is designed to introduce its learners to [[enterprise discovery]], or, in other words, to concepts related to obtaining data needed to administer the [[enterprise effort]]; and
 
*The ''Quadrivium'' examines concepts of administering various types of enterprises known as [[enterprise administration]] as a whole.
 
 
 
The ''Quadrivium'' is the first of seven modules of [[Septem Artes Administrativi]], which is a course designed to introduce its learners to general concepts in [[business administration]], [[management]], and [[organizational behavior]].
 
  
  
 
==Outline==
 
==Outline==
''The predecessor lecture is [[Communication Quarter]].''
+
''[[Communication Quarter]] is the predecessor lecture. In the [[enterprise research]] series, the previous lecture is [[Human Perceptions Quarter]].''
  
 
===Concepts===
 
===Concepts===
 +
#'''[[Social rationale]]'''. A set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or a particular belief of a [[group]] of people.
 +
#*[[Social psychology]]. An area of [[psychology]] that blends concepts from [[psychology]] and [[sociology]] to focus on the influence of people on one other.
 +
#*[[Sociology]]. The study of people in relation to their social environment and culture.
 +
#*[[Anthropology]]. The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.
 +
#'''[[Group]]'''. Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals.
 +
#*[[Informal group]]. A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.
 +
#*[[Formal group]]. A designated workgroup defined by an organization's structure.
 +
#*[[Interacting group]]. A typical group in which members interact with each other face to face.
 +
#*[[Reference group]]. An important group to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose [[group culture|culture]] individuals are likely to conform.
 +
#'''[[Social identity theory]]'''. Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.
 +
#*[[Outgroup]] ([[out-group]]). (1) Those people who do not belong to a specific [[ingroup]]; the inverse of an [[ingroup]], which can mean everyone outside one's group; (2) An identified other group.
 +
#*[[Ingroup]] ([[in-group]]). An exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or identity.
 +
#*[[Faultiness]]. The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.
 +
#*[[Boundary spanning]]. When individuals form relationships outside their formally assigned groups.
 +
#'''[[Group trait]]'''. An enduring characteristic that describes a group's behavior. The major trait is members of the group themselves, as well as their number, their combination of [[personality|personaliti]]es, [[core value|values]], beliefs, and [[attitude]]s. The other traits include [[group cohesiveness]], [[diversity]], and [[group culture]].
 +
#*[[Group culture]]. The set of shared [[core value|values]], beliefs, [[attitude]]s, [[social norm]]s, and [[material symbol]]s that characterizes some particular [[group]]. The beliefs commonly include perceptions of [[role]]s and [[status]]es.
 +
#[[File:Cohesiveness-and-norms.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Group cohesiveness|Cohesiveness]] and [[Social norm|norm]]s]]'''[[Group cohesiveness]]'''. The extend to which members of a group support and validate one another, attracted and emotionally attached to one another, share the group's goals, and motivated toward the group.
 +
#*[[Group cohesion]]. A situation when group members are emotionally attached to one another and motivated toward the group because of their attachment.
 +
#'''[[Groupthink]]'''. (1) A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action; (2) A situation in which a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align her or his opinion with others; (3) An aggregate of opinions of various group members.
 +
#*[[Conformity]]. The adjustment of one's behavior to align with the [[group culture]].
 +
#*[[Hawthorne Studies]]. A series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into individual and group behavior.
 +
#*[[Groupshift]]. A change between a group's decision and individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group's original position.
 +
#'''[[Social norm]]'''. An acceptable standard or expectation within a group that is accepted and shared by a group's members.
 +
#*[[Ground rule]].
 +
#*[[Ingroup favorism]]. Perspective in which one sees members of own [[ingroup]] as better than other people, and, often, people not in own group as all the same.
 +
#'''[[Status]]'''. A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
 +
#*[[Status characteristics theory]]. A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.
 +
#'''[[Cultural attitude]]'''. An [[attitude]] that someone has toward own and other [[culture]]s.
 +
#*[[Parochialism]]. Viewing the world solely through your own perspectives, leading to an inability to recognize differences between people.
 +
#*[[Geocentric attitude]]. A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.
 +
#*[[Ethnocentric attitude]]. The parochial belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.
 +
#*[[Polycentric attitude]]. The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their businesses.
 +
#'''[[Cultural intelligence]]'''. Cultural awareness and sensitivity skills.
 +
#*[[Dominant culture]]. A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization's members.
 +
#*[[National culture]]. The values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and beliefs about what is important.
 +
#*[[Strong culture]]. A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.
 +
#*[[Ethnicity]]. Social traits (such as [[cultural background]] or allegiance) that are shaped by a human population.
 +
#'''[[Ethnic tendency]]'''. A quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of [[culture]].
 +
#*[[Power distance]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
 +
#*[[Collectivism]]. A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
 +
#*[[Individualism]]. A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.
 +
#*[[Long-term orientation]]. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
 +
#*[[Short-term orientation]]. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.
 +
#*[[Masculinity]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
 +
#*[[Femininity]]. A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
 +
#*[[Uncertainty avoidance]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
 
#'''[[Diversity]]'''. The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.
 
#'''[[Diversity]]'''. The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.
#*[[Surface-level diversity]]. Easily perceived differences that may trigger certain stereotypes, but that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel.
 
#*[[Surface-level diversity]]. Differences in easily perceived characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but may activate certain [[stereotype]]s.
 
#*#[[Biographical characteristic]]. A personal characteristic -- such as age, gender, race, and length of tenure -- that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. These characteristics are representative of [[surface-level diversity]].
 
#*#[[Race]]. The biological heritage (including skin color and associated traits) that people use to identify themselves.
 
 
#*[[Deep-level diversity]]. Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become more important for determining similarity as people get to know each other.
 
#*[[Deep-level diversity]]. Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become more important for determining similarity as people get to know each other.
#*[[Deep-level diversity]]. Differences in values, personality, and work preferences.
+
#*[[Discrimination]]. Noting of a difference between things; often we refer to [[unfair discrimination]], which means making judgments about individuals based on [[stereotype]]s regarding their demographic group. [[Unfair discrimination]] occurs when someone acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice.
#*[[Discrimination]]. Noting of a difference between things; often we refer to unfair discrimination, which means making judgments about individuals based on [[stereotype]]s regarding their demographic group.
+
#[[File:Diversity.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Surface-level diversity]]]]'''[[Surface-level diversity]]'''. Differences in easily perceived characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel, but may activate or trigger certain [[stereotype]]s.
#*[[Discrimination]]. When someone acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice.
+
#*[[Biographical characteristic]]. A quantifiable personal characteristic such as age, gender, income, education, socioeconomic status, family size, marital status, race, and length of tenure that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. These characteristics are [[indicator]]s of [[surface-level diversity]].
#'''[[Conflict]]'''. A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.
+
#*[[Race]]. The biological heritage (including skin color and associated traits) that people use to identify themselves.
#*[[Conflict]]. Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition.
+
#'''[[Preconceived attitude]]'''. An [[attitude]] that someone has already had about representatives of some group without learning about their actual characteristics.
#*[[Functional conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance.
+
#*[[Prejudice]]. A preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a person or a group of people.
#*[[Functional conflict]]. A [[conflict]] that supports a group's goals and improve its performance.
+
#*[[Stereotyping]]. Judging someone on the basis of a perception of the group to which that person belongs.
#*[[Dyadic conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs between two people.
+
#*[[Stereotype threat]]. The degree to which we internally agree with the generally negative stereotyped perceptions of our groups.
#*[[Dysfunctional conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that hinders group performance.
+
#[[File:Conflict-vs-performance.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Conflict]]]]'''[[Conflict]]'''. (1) Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition; (2) A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.
#*[[Dysfunctional conflict]]. A [[conflict]] that prevents a group from achieving its goals.
+
#*[[Traditional view of conflict]]. The view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.
#*[[Felt conflict]]. Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility.
+
#*[[Human relations view of conflict]]. The view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group.
#*[[Perceived conflict]]. Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
+
#*[[Interactionist view of conflict]]. The view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.
 +
#[[File:Conflict-process.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Conflict process]]]]'''[[Conflict process]]'''. A process that has five stages: (1) [[conflict potential]], potential opposition or incompatibility, (2) [[conflict personalization|cognition and personalization]], (3) [[conflict intention|intention]]s, (4) behavior, and (5) [[conflict outcome|outcome]]s.
 +
#*[[File:Conflict-bargaining.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Conflict bargaining]]]][[Conflict bargaining]]. Trying to get something from another party in a [[conflict]].
 +
#'''[[Conflict potential]]'''. Latent qualities or abilities that may be developed and lead to a [[conflict]].
 +
#*[[Dyadic conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs between two people usually on personal grounds.
 
#*[[Intergroup conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs between different [[group]]s or [[team]]s.
 
#*[[Intergroup conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs between different [[group]]s or [[team]]s.
 
#*[[Interrole conflict]]. A situation in which the expectations of an individual's different, separate groups are in opposition.
 
#*[[Interrole conflict]]. A situation in which the expectations of an individual's different, separate groups are in opposition.
 
#*[[Intragroup conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs within a [[group]] or [[team]].
 
#*[[Intragroup conflict]]. [[Conflict]] that occurs within a [[group]] or [[team]].
#*[[Process conflict]]. [[Conflict]] over how work gets done.
 
 
#*[[Process conflict]]. A [[conflict]] over how work gets done.
 
#*[[Process conflict]]. A [[conflict]] over how work gets done.
#'''[[View of conflict]]'''.  
+
#*[[Relationship conflict]]. A [[conflict]] based on interpersonal relationships.
#*[[Traditional view of conflict]]. The view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.
+
#*[[Role conflict]]. A [[conflict]] that occurs because of divergent role expectations.
#*[[Human relations view of conflict]]. The view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group.
+
#*[[Task conflict]]. A [[conflict]] over content and goals of the work.
#*[[Interactionist view of conflict]]. The view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.
+
#'''[[Conflict personalization]]'''. A situation in the [[conflict process]] in which one or more parties feel or perceive that the [[conflict]] exists. is a perception issue, second step of the Conflict Process.
#'''[[Conflict process]]'''. A process that has five stages: potential opposition or incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes.
+
#*[[Felt conflict]]. Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility.
#*[[Collaborating]]. A situation in which the parties to a [[conflict]] each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties.
+
#*[[Perceived conflict]]. Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
#*[[Competing]]. A desire to satisfy one's interests, regardless of the impact on the other party of the conflict.
+
#[[File:Conflict-intentions.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Conflict intention]]s]]'''[[Conflict intention]]'''. One's aim, plan, or intention for [[conflict process]] and [[conflict outcome|its outcome]]s.
#*[[Compromising]]. A situation in which each party to a [[conflict]] is willing to give up something.
+
#*[[Collaborating intent]]. The intention of a party of a [[conflict]] to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties.
#*[[Accommodating]]. The willingness of one party in a [[conflict]] to place the opponent's interests above his or her own.
+
#*[[Competing intent]]. The intention of a party of a [[conflict]] to satisfy own interests, regardless of the impact on the other party of the conflict.
#*[[Avoiding]]. The desire to withdraw from or suppress a [[conflict]].
+
#*[[Compromising intent]]. The intention of a party of a [[conflict]] to give up something in order to gain something instead.
*[[Social psychology]]. An area of [[psychology]] that blends concepts from [[psychology]] and [[sociology]] to focus on the influence of people on one other.
+
#*[[Accommodating intent]]. The intention of a party of a [[conflict]] to place the opponent's interests above his or her own.
*[[Sociology]]. The study of people in relation to their social environment and culture.
+
#*[[Defending intent]]. The intention of a party of a [[conflict]] to withdraw from a [[conflict]] and [[defensive behavior|behave defensively]] without [[competing]], [[collaborating]], [[accommodating]], and/or [[compromising]].
*[[Anthropology]]. The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.
+
#'''[[Conflict outcome]]'''. An [[outcome]] from a [[conflict process]].
*[[Collectivism]]. A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
+
#*[[Functional conflict]]. A [[conflict]] that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance.
*[[Social identity theory]]. Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.
+
#*[[Dysfunctional conflict]]. A [[conflict]] that prevents a group from achieving its goals.
*[[Surface acting]]. Hiding one's inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display [[rule]]s.
+
 
*[[Deep acting]]. Trying to modify one's true inner feelings based on display rules.
+
===Roles===
*[[Short-term orientation]]. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.
+
#'''[[Social service provider]]'''. The government, private, and non-profit organization that is engaged in creating more effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity.
*[[Social loafing]]. The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
+
#'''[[Group member]]'''.
*[[Social loafing]]. The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
 
*[[Boundary spanning]]. When individuals form relationships outside their formally assigned groups.
 
*[[Cohesiveness]]. The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
 
*[[Cultural intelligence]]. Cultural awareness and sensitivity skills.
 
*[[Defensive behavior]]. Reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change.
 
*[[Displayed emotion]]. An [[emotion]] that is organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job.
 
*[[Dominant culture]]. A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization's members.
 
*[[Emotional intelligence]]. The ability to detect and to manage emotional cues and information.
 
*[[Emotional intelligence]]. The ability to notice and to manage emotional cues and information.
 
*[[Ethics]]. Principles, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior.
 
*[[Ethnocentric attitude]]. The parochial belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.
 
*[[Ethnicity]]. Social traits (such as cultural background or allegiance) that are shaped by a human population.
 
*[[Faultiness]]. The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.
 
*[[Femininity]]. A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
 
*[[Filtering]]. A sender's manipulation of information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver.
 
*[[Filtering]]. The deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear more favorable to the receiver.
 
*[[Formal group]]. A designated workgroup defined by an organization's structure.
 
*[[Geocentric attitude]]. A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.
 
*[[Glass ceiling]]. The invisible barrier that separates women and minorities from top management positions.
 
*[[Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness program]] (GLOBE program). The research program that studies cross-cultural leadership behaviors.
 
*[[Global mind set]]. Attributes that allow a leader to be effective in cross-cultural environments.
 
*[[Impression management]]. The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.
 
*[[Individualism]]. A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.
 
*[[Institutions]]. Cultural factors that lead many organizations to have similar structures, especially those factors that might not lead to adaptive consequences.
 
*[[Long-term orientation]]. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
 
*[[Masculinity]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
 
*[[National culture]]. The values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and beliefs about what is important.
 
*[[Mindfulness]]. Objectively and deliberately evaluating the emotional situation in the moment.
 
*[[Mood]]. Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.
 
*[[Moral emotion]]. An [[emotion]] that have moral implications.
 
*[[Negative affect]]. A mood dimension that consists of specific negative emotions such as nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end.
 
*[[Outgroup]]. The inverse of an [[ingroup]], which can mean everyone outside the group, but more usually an identified other group.
 
*[[Reference group]]. An important group to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.
 
*[[Persuasion skills]]. Skills that enable a person to influence others to change their minds or behavior.
 
*[[Political skill]]. The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance one's objectives.
 
*[[Power distance]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
 
*[[Uncertainty avoidance]]. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
 
*[[Polycentric attitude]]. The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their businesses.
 
*[[Psychopathy]]. The tendency for a lack of concern for others and lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.
 
*[[Prejudice]]. A preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a person or a group of people.
 
*[[Stereotyping]]. Judging a person based on a perception of a group to which that person belongs.
 
*[[Stereotyping]]. Judging a person based on a perception of a group to which that person belongs.
 
*[[Stereotyping]]. Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which that person belongs.
 
*[[Strong culture]]. A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.
 
*[[Referent]]. A person, system, or self against which individuals compare themselves to assess equity.
 
*[[Relationship conflict]]. [[Conflict]] based on interpersonal relationships.
 
*[[Relationship conflict]]. A [[conflict]] based on interpersonal relationships.
 
  
 
===Methods===
 
===Methods===
*[[Means, motive, and opportunity]]
+
#'''[[Attitude survey]]'''. A survey that elicits responses from employees through questions about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, or the organization.
  
 
===Instruments===
 
===Instruments===
 +
#[[File:Group-development.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Tuckman's model]] of [[group development]]]]'''[[Group development]]'''. A [[model]] that describes the [[process]] of developing a [[group]].
 +
#*[[Forming stage]]. The first stage of [[group development]] in which people join the group and then define the group's purpose, structure, and leadership.
 +
#*[[Storming stage]]. The second stage of [[group development]], characterized by [[intragroup conflict]].
 +
#*[[Norming stage]]. The third stage of [[group development]], characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.
 +
#*[[Performing stage]]. The fourth stage of [[group development]] when the group is fully functional and works on group task.
 +
#*[[Adjourning stage]]. The fifth stage of [[group development]] for temporary groups during which group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
 +
#[[File:Punctuated-equilibrium.png|400px|thumb|right|[[Punctuated-equilibrium model]]]]'''[[Punctuated-equilibrium model]]'''. A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.
 +
#*[[Punctuated equilibrium]]. The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.
 +
 
===Practices===
 
===Practices===
 +
*'''[[GLOBE program]]''' ([[Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness program]]) is the research project that studies cross-cultural leadership behaviors.
  
''The successor lecture is [[Group Decisions Quarter]].''
+
''[[User Experience Quarter]] is the successor lecture. In the [[enterprise research]] series, the next lecture is [[Regulatory Сompliance Quarter]].''
  
 
==Materials==
 
==Materials==
Line 116: Line 120:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
[[Category:Septem Artes Administrativi]][[Category:Lecture notes]]

Latest revision as of 20:51, 21 June 2020

Social Rationale Quarter (hereinafter, the Quarter) is a lecture introducing the learners to social research primarily through key topics related to social rationale. The Quarter is the second of four lectures of Social Quadrivium, which is the fifth of seven modules of Septem Artes Administrativi (hereinafter, the Course). The Course is designed to introduce the learners to general concepts in business administration, management, and organizational behavior.


Outline

Communication Quarter is the predecessor lecture. In the enterprise research series, the previous lecture is Human Perceptions Quarter.

Concepts

  1. Social rationale. A set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action or a particular belief of a group of people.
  2. Group. Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals.
    • Informal group. A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.
    • Formal group. A designated workgroup defined by an organization's structure.
    • Interacting group. A typical group in which members interact with each other face to face.
    • Reference group. An important group to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose culture individuals are likely to conform.
  3. Social identity theory. Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.
    • Outgroup (out-group). (1) Those people who do not belong to a specific ingroup; the inverse of an ingroup, which can mean everyone outside one's group; (2) An identified other group.
    • Ingroup (in-group). An exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or identity.
    • Faultiness. The perceived divisions that split groups into two or more subgroups based on individual differences such as sex, race, age, work experience, and education.
    • Boundary spanning. When individuals form relationships outside their formally assigned groups.
  4. Group trait. An enduring characteristic that describes a group's behavior. The major trait is members of the group themselves, as well as their number, their combination of personalities, values, beliefs, and attitudes. The other traits include group cohesiveness, diversity, and group culture.
  5. Group cohesiveness. The extend to which members of a group support and validate one another, attracted and emotionally attached to one another, share the group's goals, and motivated toward the group.
    • Group cohesion. A situation when group members are emotionally attached to one another and motivated toward the group because of their attachment.
  6. Groupthink. (1) A phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action; (2) A situation in which a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align her or his opinion with others; (3) An aggregate of opinions of various group members.
    • Conformity. The adjustment of one's behavior to align with the group culture.
    • Hawthorne Studies. A series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into individual and group behavior.
    • Groupshift. A change between a group's decision and individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group's original position.
  7. Social norm. An acceptable standard or expectation within a group that is accepted and shared by a group's members.
  8. Status. A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
  9. Cultural attitude. An attitude that someone has toward own and other cultures.
    • Parochialism. Viewing the world solely through your own perspectives, leading to an inability to recognize differences between people.
    • Geocentric attitude. A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.
    • Ethnocentric attitude. The parochial belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.
    • Polycentric attitude. The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their businesses.
  10. Cultural intelligence. Cultural awareness and sensitivity skills.
    • Dominant culture. A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization's members.
    • National culture. The values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and beliefs about what is important.
    • Strong culture. A culture in which the core values are intensely held and widely shared.
    • Ethnicity. Social traits (such as cultural background or allegiance) that are shaped by a human population.
  11. Ethnic tendency. A quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of culture.
    • Power distance. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
    • Collectivism. A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
    • Individualism. A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups.
    • Long-term orientation. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
    • Short-term orientation. A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.
    • Masculinity. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
    • Femininity. A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
    • Uncertainty avoidance. A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
  12. Diversity. The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.
    • Deep-level diversity. Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become more important for determining similarity as people get to know each other.
    • Discrimination. Noting of a difference between things; often we refer to unfair discrimination, which means making judgments about individuals based on stereotypes regarding their demographic group. Unfair discrimination occurs when someone acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice.
  13. Surface-level diversity. Differences in easily perceived characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel, but may activate or trigger certain stereotypes.
    • Biographical characteristic. A quantifiable personal characteristic such as age, gender, income, education, socioeconomic status, family size, marital status, race, and length of tenure that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records. These characteristics are indicators of surface-level diversity.
    • Race. The biological heritage (including skin color and associated traits) that people use to identify themselves.
  14. Preconceived attitude. An attitude that someone has already had about representatives of some group without learning about their actual characteristics.
    • Prejudice. A preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a person or a group of people.
    • Stereotyping. Judging someone on the basis of a perception of the group to which that person belongs.
    • Stereotype threat. The degree to which we internally agree with the generally negative stereotyped perceptions of our groups.
  15. Conflict. (1) Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition; (2) A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.
  16. Conflict process. A process that has five stages: (1) conflict potential, potential opposition or incompatibility, (2) cognition and personalization, (3) intentions, (4) behavior, and (5) outcomes.
  17. Conflict potential. Latent qualities or abilities that may be developed and lead to a conflict.
  18. Conflict personalization. A situation in the conflict process in which one or more parties feel or perceive that the conflict exists. is a perception issue, second step of the Conflict Process.
    • Felt conflict. Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility.
    • Perceived conflict. Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
  19. Conflict intention. One's aim, plan, or intention for conflict process and its outcomes.
  20. Conflict outcome. An outcome from a conflict process.

Roles

  1. Social service provider. The government, private, and non-profit organization that is engaged in creating more effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity.
  2. Group member.

Methods

  1. Attitude survey. A survey that elicits responses from employees through questions about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, or the organization.

Instruments

  1. Group development. A model that describes the process of developing a group.
  2. Punctuated-equilibrium model. A set of phases that temporary groups go through that involves transitions between inertia and activity.
    • Punctuated equilibrium. The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.

Practices

User Experience Quarter is the successor lecture. In the enterprise research series, the next lecture is Regulatory Сompliance Quarter.

Materials

Recorded audio

Recorded video

Live sessions

Texts and graphics

See also